It has long been recognized that AI can achieve a higher level of performance than humans in various games – but until now, physical skill remained the ultimate human prerogative. This is no longer the case. An AI technique known as deep reinforcement learning has pushed back the limits of what can be achieved with autonomous systems and AI, achieving superhuman performance in a variety of different games such as chess and Go, video games and navigating virtual mazes. Today, artificial intelligence is beginning to push back the boundaries and gain ground on man’s prerogative: physical skill.
Researchers at ETH Zurich have created an AI robot named CyberRunner whose task is to learn how to play the popular and widely accessible labyrinth marble game. The labyrinth is a game of physical skill whose goal is to steer a marble from a given start point to the end point. In doing so, the player must prevent the ball from falling into any of the holes that are present on the labyrinth board.
The movement of the ball can be indirectly controlled by two knobs that change the orientation of the board. While it is a relatively straightforward game, it requires fine motor skills and spatial reasoning abilities, and, from experience, humans require a great amount of practice to become proficient at the game.
CyberRunner applies recent advances in model-based deep reinforcement learning to the physical world and exploits its ability to make informed decisions about potentially successful behaviors by planning real-world decisions and actions into the future.
Just like us humans, the robot learns through experience. While playing the game, it captures observations and receives rewards based on its performance, all through the “eyes” of a camera looking down at the labyrinth. A memory is kept of the collected experience. Using this memory, the model-based deep reinforcement learning algorithm learns how the system behaves, and based on its understanding of the game it recognizes which strategies and behaviors are more promising (the “critic”). Consequently, the way the robot uses the two motors — its “hands” — to play the game is continuously improved (the “actor”). Importantly, the robot does not stop playing to learn; the algorithm runs concurrently with the robot playing the game. As a result, the robot keeps getting better, run after run.
The learning on the real-world labyrinth is conducted in 6.06 hours, comprising 1.2 million time steps at a control rate of 55 samples per second. The AI robot outperforms the previously fastest recorded time, achieved by an extremely skilled human player, by over 6%.
Interestingly, during the learning process, CyberRunner naturally discovered shortcuts. It found ways to ’cheat’ by skipping certain parts of the maze. The lead researchers, Thomas Bi and Professor Raffaello D’Andrea, had to step in and explicitly instruct it not to take any of those shortcuts.
A preprint of the research paper is available on the project website. In addition, Bi and D’Andrea will open source the project and make it available on the website.
“We believe that this is the ideal testbed for research in real-world machine learning and AI,” commented D’Andrea commented. “Prior to CyberRunner, only organizations with large budgets and custom-made experimental infrastructure could perform research in this area. Now, for less than 200 dollars, anyone can engage in cutting-edge AI research. Furthermore, once thousands of CyberRunners are out in the real-world, it will be possible to engage in large-scale experiments, where learning happens in parallel, on a global scale. The ultimate in Citizen Science!”
The research was carried out at the Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control at ETH Zurich. The Institute has been at the forefront of robotics, systems, and control since its inception 15 years ago; previous creations include the Flying Machine Arena, a space where flying robots live and learn, the Cubli, a cube that can jump up, balance, and walk, and the Distributed Flight Array, where individual vehicles self-assemble, coordinate, and take flight.
Thomas Bi is a PhD candidate at ETH Zurich. Raffaello D’Andrea is a professor at ETH Zurich; he is also a founder of Kiva Systems (acquired by Amazon and now operating as Amazon Robotics), ROBO Global (acquired by VettaFi), creators of the world’s first Robotics and AI exchange traded fund, and Verity, the world leaders in autonomous indoor flight.
