As Generative AI transforms industries, its appetite for energy is pushing power grids—and corporate climate commitments—to the brink. A recent Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report highlights how the rapid growth of AI, coupled with increased cloud migration, is fueling an unprecedented surge in US energy demand. Hyperscalers like Amazon, Microsoft, and Google face a mounting challenge: scaling their AI operations while honoring net-zero pledges.
BCG’s analysis presents a paradox. The very AI-driven productivity gains these companies are chasing could undermine their sustainability goals. By 2030, US data centers alone are expected to consume up to 130 gigawatt hours of electricity annually. For comparison, that’s 3.3% of the world’s total electricity at any given moment, albeit to just one industry.
Without a shift in strategy, this demand could drive AI’s carbon footprint to unsustainable levels.
BCG’s Maurice Berns sees a silver lining. “We can use [the growing demand] as an impetus to spur the development of low-carbon technologies,” he suggests, proposing that hyperscalers invest in green energy sources, smaller AI models, and energy-efficient hardware.
Amazon’s Nuclear Bet: Investing in SMRs to Power AI Sustainably
Amazon unveiled plans to support the development of small modular reactors (SMRs), an emerging nuclear technology with the potential to deliver reliable, carbon-free power at scale. Amazon’s agreements with Energy Northwest in Washington and Dominion Energy in Virginia aim to bring new SMR projects online, providing significant power capacity for Amazon’s operations and the regional grid.
“Nuclear is a safe source of carbon-free energy that can help power our operations and meet the growing demands of our customers,” said Matt Garman, CEO of Amazon Web Services. Amazon’s investment in X-energy, a leader in SMR technology, reflects its commitment to diversify energy sources while supporting its goal of net-zero emissions by 2040.
BCG’s report notes that renewables like wind and solar, while essential, can’t provide the consistent “firm” power that AI-driven data centers require. Nuclear power does offer scalable power sources to support AI growth without compromising on emissions.
Karen Hao Denounces Microsoft’s Strategy
While Amazon’s nuclear investments position it as a leader in sustainable energy solutions, Microsoft faces a different narrative. According to a detailed investigation by leading journalist Karen Hao, Microsoft’s public image as an AI-powered sustainability champion contrasts sharply with its private dealings in the fossil-fuel sector. Her reporting reveals that Microsoft has been actively marketing its AI tools to oil and gas companies, positioning them as powerful assets for optimizing and scaling fossil-fuel extraction.
But is it? Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today, and the AI boom is accelerating it. The least that Microsoft could do is not misinform the public.
Many more revelations in the actual story. Gift link below. 15/ https://t.co/NBQD6h86RJ
— Karen Hao (@_KarenHao) September 13, 2024
In one example from internal documents, Microsoft estimated that its AI tools could help ExxonMobil increase annual revenue by up to $1.4 billion, with $600 million coming directly from drilling optimizations. Microsoft’s internal documents describe the oil and gas sector as a market opportunity worth $35 to $75 billion—a significant revenue stream that supports the tech giant’s broader AI investments. In a September 2023 call, executives told employees that the energy industry was engaging with Microsoft “in a way that had perhaps never happened before” and directed teams to “maximize this opportunity” by promoting Generative AI for tasks like modeling oil reservoirs.
In other words, while promoting AI as a climate solution, Microsoft simultaneously supports fossil-fuel expansion behind closed doors.
BCG’s report suggests that collective action—across sectors—is necessary to ensure AI becomes a force for sustainability. As the world watches, the choices hyperscalers make today will bear heavy on AI’s role in either mitigating or exacerbating the looming climate crisis.
